The thesis

THESIS: Constantine Invented Christianity in the Fourth Century. (pdf format; Sept 2007)
ABSTRACT: Outlining of the argument used in the thesis, the scope of the evidence, and brief abstract.
HISTORICAL REVISIONISM: What is Historical Revisionism? What is Historical Integrity?
EUSEBIAN FICTION POSTULATE: Draft Specifications by Authors of Antiquity (2008)

Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus: by Arthur Drews (1912) [necessary reading]
HJ/MJ Dichotomy: Analysis of the theory space of Historical and Mythical Jesus Theories
The Quest of the Mythical Jesus: An article by Robert M. Price
Pagans and Christians: A critical review (Part 1) of Robert Lane-Fox (1996).
Mainstream Chronology: Current (traditional) theory of the history of christianity
The Roman Commonwealth and Empire: Ruthless regime of power and greed.
Constantine: Highly intelligent supreme imperial mafia thug dictator
Eusebian integrity: Assessment on the integrity of his character
Authors of Antiquity: Tracking "the tribe of christians" or lack thereof.
First Official Christian Pilgrims: Who were the very first pilgrims to return to the holy land?.
Nomina Sacra: What are these sacred names and what is their history?

Theories of Fiction: Other emergent theories relating to fraud and fiction.
Introductory sketch: An alternate theory of antiquity: the history of the invention of christianity
Proposed Chronology: Statement of the Eusebian Fiction Postulate
The fabrication of the Galilaeans": Specifications of the package identified by Julian.
Porphyry, Arius & other neopythagorean targets: Constantine, Eusebius, destruction and calumny of authors
Eusebius Against Apollonius of Tyana: The Treatise that calumnified Apollonius of Tyana.

Josephus Flavius - The Testimonium Flavianum, Antiquity of the Jews
Tacitus - Annals 15:44, 15th Century Forgery of Poggio Bracciolini
Suetonius - Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Nero, 16.
Pliny the Younger - Plinius, Ep 10:97; a letter to the Roman Emperor Trajan
Emperor Trajan - Dear Pliny (a rescript)
Marcus Aurelius - The "christian" reference at Meditations 11:3
Hegesippus - The "shadowy Hegesippus" according to Momigliano
Celsus: Fourth Century Eusebian forgery of anti-christian writings
Julius Africanus - Chronologer used by Eusebius, whom Eusebius "corrects" by 300 years.
Lucian of Samosata - Life of Peregrine, Alexander the Prophet
The Vienne/Lyon Martyrs' Letter - Independent analysis of Eusebian forgery.
Origen - Ascetic pythagorean academic; specialist of the (LXX) Hebrew Bible (alone).
Porphyry - Ascetic pythagorean academic; Eusebian forgery of anti-christian writings.
Interpolated Christian Inscriptions?: Yes, there's evidence for these too.

The Military Supremacist "Council" of Antioch
This is where "The Boss" (Constantine) shoots himself in the foot:
"Our people have compared the chronologies with great accuracy,
and the 'age' of the Sibyl's verses excludes the view
that they are a post-christian fake."

- Constantine's Oration, Antioch, 325 CE,
- to the (captive and non-christian) Saints

The Military Supremacist "Council" of Nicaea
The Nicene Creed is better described as an Oath binding the signatories to Constantine,
and against the words of Arius, which allude to historical and political fiction
There was time when He was not.
Before He was born He was not.
He was made out of nothing existing.
He is/was from another subsistence/substance.
He is subject to alteration or change.

NICAEA: Ecclesiastical Histories (sources and extracts)

Notably, we have no historians, other than "Ecclesiastical" historians
writing while Constantine lived. The brigand ran a tight ship.

Philostorgius - on the "Council" of Nicaea
Rufinius of Aqueila - on the "Council" of Nicaea
Socrates Scholasticus - on the "Council" of Nicaea
Hermias Sozomen - on the "Council" of Nicaea,
Theodoret of Cyrus - on the "Council" of Nicaea, and
Marutha of Maiperqat - on the "Council" of Nicaea.
Eusebius Pamphilus of Ceasarea: - the "Council" of Nicaea as mentioned in Vita Constantini.

Pachomius as a Non Christian ascetic
In a dream Pachomius is counselled to make places in the deserts of Egypt for an expected flood of ascetic pagan priests. They have nowhere to go. Constantine has destroyed many temples, particularly those of the Healing god Asclepius. He has executed the chief priests of these temples as public examples. He has prohibited the continuation of the ancient (pagan) temple services. They are dispossessed of their heritage and homes. (DRAFT)

The Desert Fathers (male and female)
A chronology of the monastic movement of Egypt and Syria for the fourth and fifth centuries. The influence and the corruption of the bishops, such as Theophilus, and the beginnings of the Origenist controversies. The "Tall Brothers". (DRAFT)

Ascetic Practices in antiquity
A collation of information and data relating to asceticism in antiquity. (DRAFT)

Constantine's "Dear Arius" Letter: A political analysis of a letter composed about 333 CE by Constantine, addressed to Arius and the Arians. Constantine would very much like to publically execute Arius, but he does not know exactly where Arius is - perhaps Syria. Arius is revealed as someone who had previously been conspicuous by his silence and unobtrusive character. He is described in the manner of an ascetic priest. Constantine is stung by the anti-christian polemic in the writings of Arius; Arius is the focus of belief in unbelief of Constantine's new political and religious initiatives. Constantine reveals that Arius "reproaches, grieves, wounds and pains the Church". A very nasty letter by a very nasty despot. Eventually Constantine manages to poison Arius, but before that time when Arius was no longer, he had composed a number of texts against the Pontifex Maximus' preferred and sponsored cult. These heretical writings were sought out by the authodox.

NON-CANONICAL INDEX: Analysis of a number of the standard translations of the non canonical "Acts of the Apostles" reveals a distinct signature of anti-christian polemic. This article examines an index of these non canonical "Acts" which appear to be easily explained as being written in opposition to the Constantine Bible, and the authority, authenticity and aptitude of Constantine's top-down emperor cult "christianity" with respect to the ministry of spiritual knowledge (gnosis), and of the role and tradition of healing. The authors appear as ascetic priests, with knowledge of discourse on the embodied soul, the ascetic path and the ministry of healing previously extant in the empire under a number of ancient gods, perhaps the most popular being Asclepius. Sample analyses of anti-christian polemic and parody include the following texts:
Syriac Acts of Philip: Is Philip annoying? - Fourth Century Humour at its best
TAOPATTA: The Acts of Peter and the (11, 12 or was it 13?) Apostles
The Acts of Andrew and Matthew: Casting lots for world dominion.
The Acts of Peter and Andrew - Aggressive wizards, camels, needles.
The Acts of Thomas: Judas refuses Jesus' commands; Jesus sells him into slavery
The Act of Peter: Peter forgets to heal his own daughter. 

Christian persecution of Non-Christians: A summary by Vlasis Rassias (Demolish Them!)
The source material for much of this is Book 16, Codex Theodosius.

Knowledge Burning in the 4th Century: A tabulation of citations evidencing the destruction of libraries, or the destruction of temples (within which many non-christian libraries were associated), or the destruction of specific books, and works of authors and/or groups, some of which were sought out to be burnt. The Nag Hammadi codices discovered 1948 are in fact conjectured to be books which were hidden in order to enhance their preservation.

Nag Hammadi Index: Index of the 13 ancient books, containing 52 texts.
NHC 6.6: Preserving Hermes: Hermes - to the father of the universe
NHC 6.8: Hermes to Asclepius : Hermes - to the father of modern medicine, Asclepius

NHC 6.1: The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles
The sixth codex is intriguing, since it contains, as indicated above, treatises by Hermes, the spiritual master of the scribes. The sixth book contains reference to Asclepius, and with the exception of the very first text within it, the other (seven) texts of Book Six at Nag Hammadi are very much heavy duty non-christian. At first glance, the first text in the book (NHC 6.1) appears by name to be christian. But is it indeed Christian? The text centers upon the character of a mysterious Pearl Man called Lithargoel, who expounds the allegorical story of the Road to the City of the Pearl, which city Lithargoel tells us is named Nine Gates. The text may be entitled The Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles, but the story is focussed upon this mysterious physician and healer Lithargoel. In fact, the apostles are presented as inept, continually seeking food and shelter, lacking in basic cognitive skills, lacking in healing skills, lacking in ascetic discipline, lacking in basic memory skills, and even in basic counting skills, since the number of apostles in the story is presented variously as either eleven (in the text) or thirteen (in the subject title) but nowhere twelve, as per the Canonical Acts. In this series of articles, TAOPATTA is explicated as an allegorical story of the ascetic path and the related skills of the ascetic physican and healer, the citizen of the city of "Nine Gates" (the human body). However, TAOPATTA is also a consistent parody highlighting the inauthenticity of the christian apostles in the spiritual ministry.

325-336 CE: The Heresey of the Nicaean priest - Marcellus of Ancyra

Fragments of the Heresey of Marcellus of Ancyra : Marcellus was one of the bishops present at the Councils of Nicaea, and who, a few years after this Council, wrote a book against Asterius, a prominent figure in the party which supported Arius. In this work (only fragments of which survive), he was accused of maintaining one or more heresies. The fragmentary nature of his surviving work makes reconstructing difficult. We know he was accused and condemned by a council of his enemies. What does Marcellus reveal?

325-490 CE: Anathematising Public Opinion about Jesus Christ

Anathemas of Church Councils as representative of public opinion: A collation of the anathemas and heresies registered by the christian ecclesiastical councils from Nicaea through to the Decretum Gelasianum of c.491 CE. We have been provided a lavish history by the christian victors in which the pagan side of the story has not been presented. An examination of the anathemas and heresies which were variously registered by the christian bishops allows an objective assessment of how the opinion of the pagan populace concerning the new god Jesus, and his new religion christianity, were being received in the empire.

351 CE: A Register of Popular Public Opinion about Jesus Christ

Hilary of Poitiers' De Synodis: Promoted to Bishop in 350 CE, Hilary of Poitiers preserves a list of twenty-seven anathemas agreed upon by the Council of Sirmium c.351 CE. This list of twenty seven issues represented the troublesome public opinion faced by the authority of the authodoxy in the Eastern empire, and as such, highlights the public opinion at this time in the fourth century. Conspicuous by its presence at the primary position in the list, are the words of Arius, present in the first two opinions:
01: The Son is sprung from things non-existent,
or from another substance and not from God,
and that there was a time or age when He was not.

02: The Father and the Son are two Gods.


To an independent political observer, public opinion about Jesus is not at all positive and authodox, and reflects a position that he certainly is not to be regarded as coming from God, but rather has sprung from nothing existing. A new God has been invented. The literature of the new God (of Constantine) is fiction.

359-363 CE: The Arraignment of the Emperor Julian against Christianity

Against the Galilaeans: The very first independent political comment concerning the new State Religion of Christianity was formalised c.362 CE by the Emperor Julian who wrote that he thought that it was expedient that he write his convictions to all mankind. Julian's invectives 362 are re-examined in a new light:
It is, I think, expedient to set forth to all mankind
the reasons by which I was convinced that
the fabrication of the Galilaeans
is a fiction of men composed by wickedness.

Though it has in it nothing divine,
by making full use of that part of the soul
which loves fable and is childish and foolish,
it has induced men to believe
that the monstrous tale is truth.

Julian's Saturnalia Party: Satire written 362 CE in which Constantine finds Jesus while living a life of pleasure and incontinence. Julian places the following words into the mouth of Jesus, and finally has Constantine and his sons punished by avenging deities for their impiety, and utter irreligiousness:
"He that is a seducer, he that is a murderer,
he that is sacrilegious and infamous,
let him approach without fear!
For with this water will I wash him
and will straightway make him clean.

And though he should be guilty
of those same sins a second time,
let him but smite his breast and beat his head
and I will make him clean again."


The Fabrication of the Galilaeans: The emperor Julian never called "christians" by that name, and instead in all his dealings, used the term "Galilaeans". He referred therefore to the new testament literature as "the fabrication of the Galilaeans". He was convinced that it was a fiction of men composed by wickedness. This article explores this thing that Julian termed "the fabrication of the Galilaeans". Presented is the specification of the package of fiction, fraud, interpolation, and the fraudulent misrepresentation of ancient history, by Constantine, in the fourth century.

Cyril of Alexandria: The role of the Tax-Exempt Bishop in the political censorship of Julian's writings. Before the time of Cyril, people referred to the Nicene "Fathers" as the fathers of the new state church. However, Cyril started the practice of referring to the "fathers of the church" as the Pre-Nicene Eccesiastical writers, whom Eusebius introduces in his Historia Eccesiastica. Cyril is very appropriately called "The Seal of the Fathers". He is also involved with Nestorius. Cyril writes that he is compelled to refute "the lies of Julian" and goes about the business in many books.
but none as went far as Julian,
who damaged the prestige of the Empire
by refusing to recognize Christ,
dispenser of royalty and power.

he composed three books against the holy gospels
and against the very pure Christian religion,
he used them to shake many spirits
and to cause them uncommon wrongs.

Ammianus Marcellinus, a greek in the Roman army, wrote in Latin a series of thirty-one books setting out a history from 92 to c.390 CE. The initial thirteen books are alas lost, and Book 14 commences in the year 353 CE. The obituary to Constantine, written by Ammianus would have made very interesting reading. But who knows? It may yet turn up in some new discovery, perhaps in the Syriac or Arabic or Coptic. Some extracts of the work are presented, as follows:

Res Gestae: Ammianus Marcellinus (Books 14-31)
Karnack Obelisk: A story about the Obelisk of Karnak.
Constantius: Obituary of Constantius; reference to Apollonius of Tyana
Julian Obituary of Julian

Nestorius, Ex-ArchBishop of Constantinople: Wrote a summary of all the various heretics mid-fifth century, and his writings were targetted for burning by edict. By some miraculous means, assisted by writing under the pseudonym of Heracleides, a Syriac translation survived. The English translation of these presumed destroyed writings of Nestorius became available, and reveals that certain groups of heretics in the mid-fifth century still believed that Jesus was fictitous; moreover that these beliefs were insisted to be based on ancient truth. One of the Christian euphemisms for fiction is Docetism, in which the heretics are descibed as not believing in the physical body of Jesus, only that "it seemed" to have existence, but in reality, did not in fact have existence. Nestorius writes a systematic classification of heresies, and states the following:
I see many who strongly insist
on these [theories of fiction]
as something [based] on
the truth and ancient opinion.

Our position is that these groups included the Greek academics of the East
who shared Julian's conviction that the new testament was a fiction of men.

Blasphemies and Heresies of Nestorius according to Cyril: An examination of the five books composed in 429 CE by the authodox tax-exempt murderer and christian Bishop of Alexandria Cyril, against the "blasphemies and heresies" of Nestorius.
"I will speak the words too of offence.
Of His own Flesh was the Lord Christ discoursing to them;
Except ye eat, He says, the Flesh of the Son of Man
and drink His Blood, ye have no Life in you:
the hearers endured not the loftiness of what was said,
they imagined of their unlearning
that He was bringing in cannibalism."

Nestorius is today seen as a systematic reported of what he sees and hears around him in the world, but Cyril does not want any of these things written. Nestorius reports that some of the people imagined Jesus to be bringing in cannibalism. The clever pagan priests were polemicists and seditionists against the agenda of the Constantinian Canonical writings. One of them even went as far to write an entire tractate, entitled The Acts of Andrew and Matthias (Matthew) (from "The Apocryphal New Testament" M.R. James-Translation and Notes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924) in which Matthew is sent to preach into the Land of the Cannibals:
"At that time all the apostles were gathered together
and divided the countries among themselves, casting lots.
And it fell to Matthias to go to the land of the anthropophagi. (cannibals)
Now the men of that city ate no bread nor drank wine,
but ate the flesh and drank the blood of men;
and every stranger who landed there they took, and put out his eyes,
and gave him a magic drink which took away his understanding. "

The Decretum Gelasianum is a listing of the canonical texts of the new testament and a list of the apocrypha, which is substantial in it length, and attracts the wrath of the late fifth century Papal Council. It is usually acknowledged that some of these works may have been listed a century earlier, by Pope Dasius. This is a far more expansive list than that recorded by Eusebius. It makes explicit reference, for example, to .... all the books which Leucius the disciple of the devil made (This refers to a series of about 5 of the non canonical texts). This of course also represents a Hit-List of officially heretical books, and as such is recognised as a forerunner of the Vatican's Librorum Prohibitorum (Index of Vatican Banned and Prohibited Books) which operated continuously from the sixteenth (following the invention of the printing press) to the twentieth centuries. In the mid twentieth century, the index of banned books had included over four thousand six hundred books, one of which was Edward Gibbon's monumental work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. The precedent for the preparation of a Hit-List for Censorship (destruction by fire, etc) of heretical books (and authors) commenced with Constantine in the year 325 CE. The Decretum Gelasianum thus represents a pre-Gutenburg proto-type of the Librorum Prohibitorum, and additionally, an extension of the political hit-lists of Constantine. (See for example here and especially here.)

Exception Register: Discussion of historical "evidence" raised against the theory.
Paleography & Fraud: dating pre-Constantinian NT papyrus manuscripts & fragments.
Dura Europa: Is there indeed a "pre-nicene christian church"?
Inscription of Abercius: The shepherd in the incription.
Christians for Christians Inscriptions of Phrygia: Review of Elsa Gibson's data.
The Catacombs of Rome: especially the Catacombs of St.Callixtus.
Megiddo Prison Dig: The recent archeological diggings at Megiddo, Israel.
Robert Lane-Fox Exceptions: A critical review (Part 2) of the evidence in "Pagans and Christians" (1996)
Inscriptions and Papyri: A critical review of contempory evidence: papyri and the epigraphic habit

The Therapeutae of Asclepius Which temples did Constantine target for destruction (Aegae, +, ...)? Which priests did Constantine target for execution (Aegae, +, ...)? Which ascetic priests wrote parodies against the ineptitude of the fourth century christian "ministry" of "healing" and of "embodied ascetic wisdom"? (Arius? Pachomius?) Ancient Healers of the Lineage of Hippocrates and Galen, therapeutae (physicians; "sons of the elder", "sons of the monk") of Asclepius: an ascetic ministry and physicians of souls. They are described by Philo, as distinct from the Palestinian Essenes, living in Egypt, and in Greece. Philo remarks they are ubiquitous in the empire c.20CE. The therepeutae were ascetics (Egyptian and Hellenic). The signature of Buddhist influence is unmistakable. The most popular Egypto-Graeco-Romon hero of the first three centuries -- by the archaeological evidence -- is the Healer Asclepius, his "asclepia" (healing centers), and associated gymnasiums, their associated libraries, and their hierarchy of attendants and priests - the therapeutae of Asclepius.

The Hymn of the Pearl: aka The Hymn of the Soul - A series of separate translations
The Hymn of the Pearl as an Ascetic Allegory: Explication of this texts an Ode to Indian ascetism
NHC 6.1: TAOPATTA: The Mysterious Pearl Man Lithargoel; the Road to the City of the Pearl

Constantine and Zero Ayanamsa: The divergence of the Tropical and Sidereal Zodiacs
Barbarians: Terry Jones Documentary/Book Review and notes.
The Evolution of Christs and Christianities: Jay Raskin - Book Review and notes.
Letters: Collection of the letters of Constantine.
Histories: Collection of histories of Constantine.
Pythagorean Aphorisms: Iamblichus
Essenic Wisdom: Essenic philosophy and its use in scripture.
Life of Secundus: Philosophy meets Emperor; translation by Ben Perry
C. Suetonius Tranquillus: The Twelve Caesars; lecture notes, resource materials
Trade Guilds of the Latter Roman Empire : Thesis in Economics, 1925 - Freda Utley (1899-1978)
Chrestos & Christos : The sources of chrestos and christos in antiquity.
Apollonius of Tyana: Resource Materials for Ancient History Students.
Witnesses to the Historicity of Jesus: by Arthur Drews (1912)
Extracts from the Codex Theodosianus (313 to 453 CE): English translations of much of Book 16
External Papers: External resource papers, articles, publications, websites and other publications
Arnaldo Momigliano: Ancient Historian (1908-1987); Reviews of articles, resource notes.